Pali chisokonezo chozungulira ubale pakati pa kulondola kwa mayendedwe, kulolerana kwake ndi kuchuluka kwa chilolezo chamkati kapena 'kusewera' pakati pa mipikisano yothamanga ndi mipira. Apa, Wu Shizheng, woyang'anira wamkulu wa akatswiri ang'onoang'ono komanso ang'onoang'ono a JITO Bearings, akuwunikira chifukwa chomwe nthano iyi ikupitilira komanso zomwe mainjiniya ayenera kuyang'ana.
Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, mu fakitale ya zida zankhondo ku Scotland, munthu wodziwika pang'ono dzina lake Stanley Parker adapanga lingaliro la malo enieni, kapena zomwe timadziwa lero kuti Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GD&T). Parker adawona kuti ngakhale zina mwazinthu zomwe zimapangidwira ma torpedoes zidakanidwa pambuyo poyang'aniridwa, zimatumizidwa kuti zipangidwe.
Atayang'anitsitsa, adapeza kuti ndiyeso yolekerera ndiyo inali yolakwa. Kulekerera kwachikhalidwe kwa XY kumapanga malo olekerera apakati, omwe sanaphatikizepo gawolo ngakhale limakhala ndi malo ozungulira pakati pa ngodya za sikweya. Iye anapitiriza kufalitsa zimene anapeza zokhudza mmene angadziŵire malo enieni m’buku lakuti Drawings and Dimensions.
*Chilolezo chamkati
Masiku ano, kumvetsetsa kumeneku kumatithandiza kupanga ma bere omwe amawonetsa kuseweredwa kapena kumasuka, komwe kumadziwika kuti chilolezo chamkati kapena, makamaka, kusewera kwa radial ndi axial. Masewero a radial ndiye chilolezo choyezedwa molunjika ku axis yonyamula ndipo kuseweredwa kwa axial ndikololedwa komwe kumayesedwa molingana ndi nsonga yonyamulira.
Seweroli lapangidwa kuti likhale lothandizira kuyambira pachiyambi kuti lilole kunyamula kuthandizira katundu muzochitika zosiyanasiyana, poganizira zinthu monga kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha ndi momwe kukwanira pakati pa mphete zamkati ndi zakunja zidzakhudzire moyo wobereka.
Makamaka, chilolezo chimatha kukhudza phokoso, kugwedezeka, kupsinjika kwa kutentha, kupotoza, kugawa katundu ndi moyo wotopa. Sewero lapamwamba la radial ndilofunika nthawi zina pamene mphete yamkati kapena shaft ikuyembekezeka kutenthetsa ndikukulitsa pakagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza ndi mphete yakunja kapena nyumba. Zikatere, masewero amtunduwu amachepetsa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusewera kudzawonjezeka ngati mphete yakunja ikukulirakulira kuposa mphete yamkati.
Sewero lapamwamba la axial ndilofunika mu machitidwe omwe pali kusamvana pakati pa shaft ndi nyumba monga kusamvetsetsana kungayambitse kubereka ndi chilolezo chaching'ono chamkati kulephera mwamsanga. Chilolezo chokulirapo chimathanso kulola kuti chonyamuliracho chitha kuthana ndi zolemetsa zokwera pang'ono chifukwa zimabweretsa ngodya yolumikizana kwambiri.
* Zokwanira
Ndikofunikira kuti mainjiniya azitha kulumikizana bwino ndi chilolezo chamkati. Kulimbana kolimba kwambiri kopanda kusewera kokwanira kumapangitsa kutentha ndi kukangana kochulukirapo, zomwe zingapangitse kuti mipira idumphe mumsewu wothamanga ndikufulumizitsa kuvala. Momwemonso, kutsegula kwambiri kumawonjezera phokoso ndi kugwedezeka ndikuchepetsa kulondola kozungulira.
Kutulutsa kumatha kuyendetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kukwanira kwauinjiniya kumatanthawuza kuloledwa pakati pa magawo awiri okwerera. Izi nthawi zambiri zimafotokozedwa ngati tsinde mu dzenje ndipo zimayimira kuchuluka kwa kuthina kapena kumasuka pakati pa shaft ndi mphete yamkati komanso pakati pa mphete yakunja ndi nyumba. Nthawi zambiri amawoneka momasuka, kumasuka kokwanira kapena kolimba, kosokoneza.
Kulumikizana kolimba pakati pa mphete yamkati ndi shaft ndikofunikira kuti izi zisungidwe bwino komanso kupewa creepage kapena kutsetsereka kosafunikira, komwe kungapangitse kutentha ndi kugwedezeka ndikupangitsa kuwonongeka.
Komabe, kusokoneza kokwanira kumachepetsa kuloledwa kwa mpira pamene ukukulitsa mphete yamkati. Kulumikizana kolimba kofananako pakati pa nyumba ndi mphete yakunja yokhala ndi sewero locheperako kumapanikiza mphete yakunja ndikuchepetsa chilolezo chopitilira. Izi zipangitsa kuti mkati mwake mukhale wosavomerezeka bwino - ndikupangitsa kuti shaftyo ikhale yayikulu kuposa dzenje - ndikupangitsa kukangana kwakukulu komanso kulephera koyambirira.
Cholinga chake ndikukhala ndi sewero la zero pomwe mayendedwe akuyenda bwino. Komabe, kusewera koyambilira komwe kumafunikira kuti mukwaniritse izi kungayambitse mavuto ndi mipira yotsetsereka kapena kutsetsereka, kuchepetsa kulimba ndi kulondola kozungulira. Sewero loyambilirali litha kuchotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuyikatu. Kuyikapo kale ndi njira yoyika katundu wokhazikika wa axial pa bearing, ikangoyikidwa, pogwiritsa ntchito ma washer kapena akasupe omwe amalumikizidwa ndi mphete yamkati kapena yakunja.
Mainjiniya ayeneranso kuganizira mfundo yakuti ndikosavuta kuchepetsa chilolezo pagawo laling'ono chifukwa mphete zake zimakhala zoonda komanso zosavuta kupunduka. Monga opanga mayendedwe ang'onoang'ono komanso ang'onoang'ono, JITO Bearings imalangiza makasitomala ake kuti chisamaliro chowonjezereka chiyenera kuchitidwa ndi shaft-to-house fits. Shaft ndi kuzungulira kwa nyumba ndizofunikanso kwambiri ndi mayendedwe amtundu woonda chifukwa shaft yakunja imasokoneza mphete zoonda ndikuwonjezera phokoso, kugwedezeka ndi torque.
*Kulekerera
Kusamvetsetsana pa ntchito ya ma radial ndi axial play kwapangitsa ambiri kusokoneza mgwirizano pakati pa masewero ndi kulondola, makamaka kulondola komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kulekerera kwabwino kwa kupanga.
Anthu ena amaganiza kuti kulondola kwapamwamba kuyenera kukhala kopanda sewero ndipo kuyenera kuzungulira ndendende. Kwa iwo, sewero lotayirira la ma radial limakhala losalondola kwambiri ndipo limapereka chithunzithunzi chotsika, ngakhale chingakhale chapamwamba kwambiri chopangidwa mwadala ndi kusewera kotayirira. Mwachitsanzo, tidafunsa ena mwa makasitomala athu m'mbuyomu chifukwa chomwe akufuna kukhala ndi mawonekedwe olondola kwambiri ndipo adatiuza kuti akufuna, "kuchepetsa kusewera".
Komabe, n’zoona kuti kulolerana kumawongolera kulondola. Patangopita nthawi pang'ono kuyambika kwa kupanga zinthu zambiri, akatswiri adazindikira kuti sizothandiza kapena zachuma, ngati n'kotheka, kupanga zinthu ziwiri zofanana ndendende. Ngakhale mitundu yonse yopangira zinthu ikasungidwa mofanana, padzakhala kusiyana pang'ono pakati pa unit imodzi ndi yotsatira.
Masiku ano, izi zakhala zikuyimira kulolera kovomerezeka kapena kovomerezeka. Maphunziro a kulolerana kwa mayendedwe a mpira, omwe amadziwika kuti ISO (metric) kapena ABEC (inchi) mavoti, amawongolera kupatuka kovomerezeka ndi miyeso yophimba kuphatikiza kukula kwa mphete zamkati ndi kunja ndi kuzungulira kwa mphete ndi mipikisano. Kukwera kwa kalasiyo komanso kupirira kolimba, kutengerako kudzakhala kolondola kwambiri kamodzi kasonkhanitsidwa.
Pochita bwino pakati pa kukwanira ndi kusewera kwa ma radial ndi axial pakagwiritsidwa ntchito, mainjiniya amatha kukwaniritsa chilolezo chogwira zero ndikuwonetsetsa kuti phokoso lochepa komanso kuzungulira kolondola. Pochita izi, titha kuthetsa chisokonezo pakati pa kulondola ndi kusewera komanso, monga momwe Stanley Parker adasinthiratu kuyeza kwa mafakitale, kusintha momwe timawonera ma bere.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-04-2021
